Much like the rest of human language, these terms of venery come from literature, culture, and (in some cases) random happenstance. Princeton, N.J., 1985. Originating with the Greek peirats, meaning brigand, it can be applied to a wide range of nautical misbehavior, including coastal raiding and intercepting ships on high seas. There is, for example, Stenka Razin, the insurgent leader of the Russian poor in the seventeenth century. Banditry can be defined simply as the act of taking property from another by using force or the threat of force. In Ottoman times, the many wars in the Balkans left poverty and anarchy in their wakesuitable conditions for the work of brigands and bandits. [30] Other than escaping to difficult terrains, powerful bandits used their connections with high-standing figures in the capital to negotiate safety. [11] Banditry was especially pervasive in the southern provinces (most notably Guangdong and Fujian) and the second half of the dynasty (1506-1644). All other bandit-heroes are much more recent, many of them living in the early modern period. Conversely, there are "contemporary bandits" involved in protection rackets, common robberies, murder, and other crimes. But piracy is a much more universal phenomenon. DROVER: Term commonly used in the 1870s and 80s for a working cowboy engaged in trailing longhorns to market or a new range. [35] Bandit-rebels were not only common in late Ming. When caught and juridically processed, their bodies became the subject of a publicly demonstrated spectacle of state power. Modern research has tried to debunk this myth, but largely to no avail. The state's policies toward landlordism, peasant cultivators, and pastoralists may also be a significant variable because they may favor one over the other, with radical implications for illegal practices. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The state attempts to capture the offenders and, if it is successful, executes them. Some standard illustrations of bats often used in language include: 'In the dark, keep an eye out for a cauldron of bats hanging inside a cave.'. "The Greek Hero." But Latin American bandits have appeared in varied and complex guises. Economic self-interest also motivated many nineteenth-century bandits, as in Cuba's La Habana Province, where they consciously pursued their own personal gain in an opportunistic fashion. Snowden, Frank M. Violence and Great Estates in the South of Italy: Apulia, 19001922. Whereas smaller animals such as dogs were destroyed, larger ones such as sheep were grievously wounded, and the largest animals (bulls, mules, etc.) If bandits are the backward, bloodthirsty, unthinking, "barbarians" the state (and army) portray them as, then it is the state's duty to suppress them in order to protect "civilized" values. Later Cartouche becomes a kind of Gallic Robin Hood. SOES Bandits: A slang term for traders who make rapid buy and sell orders, using the SOES system, in order to make a profit from small price changes. was, as Hobsbawm has shown, a somewhat less suitable candidate for idealization. . In historical settings where these practices were common, the line between privateer and pirate was blurred. Through a well-planned raid, Ning Gao, a client of another powerful eunuch Liu Jin, successfully wounded and captured Zhang Mao, who was then transported to Beijing and executed. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, 2003. Rescue Imo From Political Bandits, Gangsters, Group Tells Stakeholders Yes! Prior to that, you were just as likely to refer to them as a group, herd, or pack. Social Memory. They thus shifted their wealth into land, their pastoral backgrounds proving particularly useful both in co-opting bandits and in suppressing peasant unrest. Unlike mythical bandits, however, actual gangs acted more often on the basis of self-interest and opportunism than in the defense of peasant-class interests. Rousseau's imagining of the Corsican way of life contains many of the germinal contradictory notions about bandits that developed in romanticism and have retained popular currency. Banditry tended to appear less frequently in areas with large masses of rural proletarians, such as Puglia in southern Italy. There is evidence that this popular bandit really practiced some kind of redistribution of wealth. Banditry is an aggressive form of illegality and of adventurist capital accumulation found in certain social contexts, especially those marked by insecurity and violence; in this sense it is a product of political economy. After wars, for example in the eighteenth century, veterans often roamed the country in predatory groups that some peasants regarded as bandits or brigands. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. If you cover your face with a bandanna, jump on your horse, and rob the passengers on a train, you're a bandit. Oxford and Cambridge, Mass., 1992. In The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History, edited by Richard J. Evans, pp. Basingstoke, U.K., 1988. One example was Gao Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. SOES Bandits Definition - Investopedia Carrington, Dora. Exploring food, architecture in Costa Rica. List of Names for Groups of Animals: A Complete Glossary A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an individual or in groups. "Genuine" banditry always seems to have existed in the past, never in the present. At her 20s she was subjected to numerous sexual assaults and turned to a life of crime. Bandits did not necessarily belong to the peasantry; they often belonged to those groups who sponsored or controlled the production of (often) literary symbols. On page 245 of A History of Crime in England, there is a record of the exploits of a gang leader called "Adam the Leper.". New Haven, Conn., 1985. "Banditry Thus it was not so much through their lives that bandits generated the sometimes powerful myth of nobility as through their deaths. ." In modern usage the word has become a synonym for "thief", hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money.[1]. They exhibited clear partisan rather than class leanings. How to Watch Disney's "Peter Pan & Wendy" Live-Action Movie Christon I. Archer, "Banditry and Revolution in New Spain, 17901821," in Biblioteca Americana 1, no. However, in some cases it proves difficult to distinguish between ordinary bandits and politically minded heroic outlaws, fighting against the oppressor. ." However, if you're in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people travelling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman hitman killer mugger murderer parricide poisoner Because they were embedded in local communities, bandits benefited from a grassroots solidarity against outsiders and state authority. In other cases, such as in Corsica, mules' ears were cut off as a ritual death threat. the so-called haiduks were men of the people who stood against the hegemony of foreign rulers and the exploitation of the poor by the nobility. So does banditry become a historiographical discourse about order, justice, and freedom. It was rather the other way round. As the Sicilian novelist Leonardo Sciascia (19211989) noted, an element of latent racism entered into the northern view of the South, and as soon as banditry and organized crime were posed as typically "Sicilian" phenomena emerging from its psychology and history, the Sicilian educated classes reacted by minimalizing the criminality. Banditry employs a distinctive and extreme form of personal power and prepotency that requires constant reinforcement by means of a series of actions, such as selective generosity and magnanimity, as well as calculated arbitrariness. A bandit typically belongs to a gang of bandits who commit crimes in remote, lawless, or out-of-the-way places. Campbell, John. Harmondsworth, U.K., 1972. Bandit leaders cooperated more often with the powerful, not the humble, elements of society. Birds most of them can fly, some of them cant, but theyre all noted for their feathers, beaks, and laying of eggs. Feuding, Conflict, and Banditry in Nineteenth-Century Corsica. The Latin American masses sometimes viewed bandits as heroes striking a blow against their rich oppressors. Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1992. [14], Ming historian David M. Robinson identifies some prominent causes of banditry in the Capital Region. Much the same appears to have happened in Andalusia, where absentee landlords were separated from a mass of largely landless laborers and where rural discontent increasingly took class forms. It is a specific form of arbitrary personal prepotency and agency with its own "aesthetic" and accompanying discourses, thriving on, and constituting itself through, a complex array of symbols. Many bandit gangs developed and profited from close ties to regional and local power brokers: the Caudillos (political bosses) or coroneis (planter elite). That power can also be manifested in the paradoxical expressiveness of silencethe unspoken stories that say it all. The slighted family causes the death of the original offender. Bandits were natural men, outside time, but nevertheless potential lawmakers. E for Eagles Instead of blithely accepting bandit images from folk legends and literature as fact, scholars must use them as lenses for viewing peasant cultures. Some outlaws gained reputations as social bandits and were celebrated in folklore and music. Being Bandits, almost all of their armor is torn, tattered, worn, battered, or frayed, and nearly all of their weapons are rusty, splintered, and bent. He set himself up outside the community and thus as the ultimate sacrificial victim. Domination by the wealthy forced the rural masses to defend their interests through various means. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an individual or in groups. Hwalbindang meaning "save-the-poor band" Despite the popular image, polygyny among bandits was the exception and not the rule. He is still celebrated in German folklore, being idealized as a "social bandit." The romanticization of banditry is a phenomenon that started with the popular ballads about prominent ringleaders such as Louis Dominique Cartouche in the eighteenth century. [40], "Bandit" redirects here. Eleodoro Benel (18731927), a bandit leader in northern Cajamarca, Peru, was one of many such grasping, rural petty tyrants whose main goal was self-aggrandizement. Gaunt, William. Le roi des montagnes. Terms of venery is the more official phrase for what we know as collective nouns, nouns of assembly, or names for groups of animals. London, 1972. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, The term violence is used to describe animal and human behavior that threatens to cause or causes severe harm to a target. Cambridge, U.K., 1992. A bandit is a robber, thief, or outlaw. The band was known as the. If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. Outlaws and Highwaymen: The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. Stories about bandits should be treated as texts to be deconstructed. (They mainly protect the surrounding villages from a group of bandits.) Bandits were recruited from the most mobile segments of peasant society: young unmarried men, landless laborers, migrants, shepherds, ex-soldiers, and deserters. Indeed, the records sometimes confirm the image, insofar as it represents reality and not wishful thinking on the one side and social prejudices on the other. Richard W. Slatta, "Banditry as Political Participation in Latin America," in Criminal Justice History: An International Annual 11 (1990): 171-187. Such profiteers formed whatever alliances they deemed useful. "Social banditry" is a term invented by the historian Eric Hobsbawm in his 1959 book Primitive Rebels, a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized as illegal. It was they who made a stand at the Read More asidism Gttingen, 1976. Alternatively, the offenders are betrayed by other families, also resulting in their deaths. However, the date of retrieval is often important. [20] Robinson points out that "dire economic straits" forced soldiers to use illegal means to make a living. Novelists (such as Edmond About and Prosper Mrime) traveled to remote places in Greece and Corsica, for example, to ground their texts in direct experience and observation. Some of the most notorious corsairs were the Barbary corsairs of North Africa, who were aligned with the Ottoman Empire but were often beyond the empires ability to control them. Ortalli, Gherardo, ed. https://www.britannica.com/story/pirates-privateers-corsairs-buccaneers-whats-the-difference. Once saved and closed, head to the folder Skyrim is located in. Franchetti and Sonnino also noted a widespread admiration for bandits among the literati, who romanticized them, and paradoxically among landowners, the most likely to suffer from bandit depredations. Local codes of behavior such as omert (Sicilian for "silence") obliged individuals to maintain a solidarity of silence and noncooperation with the authorities or risk extreme ostracism and revenge. Ithaca, N.Y., 1994. role in Jewish history In Judaism: New parties and sects The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers ( sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. In the early seventeenth century the most famous Spanish bandit was Perot Rocaguinarda. [29] Ning Gao was one of the censors of 1509, and he employed gruesome means such as display of severed heads and body parts to kill off existing bandits and to intimidate potential ones. What is a Group of Rabbits Called? Because privateering was generally a more lucrative occupation than military service, it tended to divert manpower and resources away from regular navies. Looters are the first-tier infantry for Bandits. New York, 1937. dit ban-dt plural bandits Synonyms of bandit 1 plural also banditti ban-di-t : an outlaw who lives by plunder especially : a member of a band of marauders 2 : robber 3 : an enemy plane banditry ban-d-tr noun Example Sentences Another skill was the ability to deploy road blocks to stop and prey on travelers. Britannica Dictionary definition of BANDIT [count] : a criminal who attacks and steals from travelers and who is often a member of a group of criminals They were two of the most famous bandits [= outlaws, robbers] of the 19th century. Banditry can be seen as a continuum from the camel raiding Bedouin, through the "noble bandits" of the nineteenth-century Greek Klephts, to contemporary armed autonomist groups (such as Chiapas in Mexico or Kurds in Turkey or Chechen fighters against Russian intervention in Chechnya) labeled as "bandits" by the state. "Fragments of an Economic Theory of the Mafia." Hobsbawm, E. J. Bandits. When elites denied them access to land or to a living wage, the rural masses struck back using legal and extralegal tactics, including banditry. Two pioneer historians who emphasized the social aspects of banditry were Franco Molfese and Eric Hobsbawm. . Some estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion insects for every single human on the planet. No group has claimed responsibility for the attacks but witnesses have attributed it to "bandits", the catchall phrase for criminal gangs masterminding frequent bouts of abduction, maiming . But more informal kinds of banditry occurred in other settings. In its archaic form, venery is a noun that means the sport or act of hunting game beasts; the chase. This comes from the Medieval Latin word venaria, meaning beasts of the chase, game.. and, usually, with the mass slavery of civilians from partisan-controlled areas.[5]. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. "A Word at War: The Italian Army and Brigandage, 18601870." You should by all means use these collective words to enhance your writing or add a neat flourish to your poetry, but avoid using them as some sort of official scientific designation or (worse) to correct people. And the gauchos of the Argentine plains often turned into outlaws after killing someone in a knife fight. Where there was no (state) law, Rousseau discerned justice; where the people were oppressed, Rousseau anticipated freedom; where the ancien rgime recognized anarchic, bloodthirsty bandits, he discerned exemplary citizens capable of discipline. Kinship, real or fictive, was an important component of their organization, and solidarity was reinforced through the institutions of blood brotherhood and adoption, as well as through feasting and other rituals. "Banditry According to German sources, three-quarters of Christian bandits whose parentage is known to us originated in the sedentary and integrated sectors of society. Parish Mass on the Fourth Sunday after Easter. (30th April 2023 Stories that circulate about the bandit or mafioso often constitute an essential part of his power. Encyclopedia.com. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. La protesta rural en Cuba: Resistencia cotidiana, bandolerismo y revolucin 18781902. [39], Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. Privateering could be shady business, and this accounts for some of the lexical overlap with the word pirate. In 1510 and 1511, several bandit gangs under the leadership of Liu Brothers, Tiger Yang raided and plundered Shandong and Henan. Corsairs were essentially privateers, although the term corsair carried an added religious connotation because the conflict was between Muslim and Christian powers. In certain situations peasants may have preferred the traditional depredations of pastoral bandits to the more extensive, sustained ones of the state, such as taxes, and in other situations the depredations of the potentates' henchmen may have been protected by powerful national interests. ." Brigands with a Cause. What Is A Group Of Bats Called? Interesting Facts For Kids The other French bandit-hero of the eighteenth century, Robert Mandrin (17241755) In banditry, women usually functioned as supporters and links with the outside world. [32], Even though bandits were subject to capital punishment, they could still be incorporated into the regime, serving as local police forces and personal soldiers employed by officials to secure order and suppress bandits. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Seax Falchion Small Spurred Axe Hatchet Sickle Pickaxe . Manuel Garca put banditry and extortion at the service of the independence movement. Lsebrink, Hans-Jrgen, ed. Gonzlo G. Snchez and Donny Meertens, Bandoleros, gamonales y campesinos: El caso de la Violencia en Colombia (1983). Bandits in Peru, Mexico, and Argentina operated in a similar fashion. If they existed in modern day times I'd refer to them as soldiers. [19] Another report of 1489 attested that soldiers had raided in Henan province. The women who shared the roving life of bandits normally did not step outside the generally accepted gender role. The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is proscribed or outlawed; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a brigand: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey". Between 1860 and 1870 more lives were lost during the Italian army's campaign in southern Italy against peasant brigandage than in the war of unification. This extracurricular raiding and pillaging was indistinguishable from piracy as defined above. By 1735, London newspapers regularly reported the exploits of Turpin and his "Essex Gang." One of these bands was known as los beatos de Cabrilla (the holy ones of Cabrilla), because its members behaved like "gentlemen," robbing their victims of only half of their goods. For this reason he was highly esteemed by the poor of Naples. [27], Of course, the Ming government used a heavy hand to crack down on banditry. Erick D. Langer, Economic Change and Rural Resistance in Southern Bolivia, 18801930 (1989). Peasant complicity was not always imposed through terror but could also be spontaneous and lucrative. An earlier Sicilian novelist, Luigi Capuana (18391915), denied the Sicilianness of the Mafia and brigandage, claiming that, though the Mafia existed in Sicily, it was no different from criminality found elsewhere. Blok argued that there is more to brigandage than voicing popular unrest. Argentina's rural poor identified with the persecution suffered by legendary gauchos like Juan Moreira and Martn Fierro. Encyclopedia.com. One official reported that soldiers travelling by the Grand Canal from adjacent garrisons to the capital committed robbery and murder against civilian travelers and merchants; on the land, these soldiers had fallen into mounted banditry as well. The buccaneers primary foe was Spain, which formally controlled Hispaniola and Tortuga and sought to expel the outlaws from its possessions. The Redbrands mostly consisted of humans, male and female, although a handful of halflings and bugbears were also in the bandit group. [15] Furthermore, the Region's economy provided plentiful opportunities for highway robbery. In a number of places, however, bandits belonged to the peasantry through their presence in widely circulated chapbooks, which popularized and contemporized bandits. Traditional banditry has often been accompanied by extreme violence in both its expression and its repression. To compound matters, official government sources often purposely blur the distinction between bandit and revolutionary. . From the perspective of the "bandit" himself, the situation may look different. A group of swordsmen are called bandits. Encyclopedia.com. Although it would be simplistic to attribute the decline of banditry in the modern world to the state's increasing monopoly of violence, this is certainly important. [33] Such transition was not permanent and could often be reversed. As Paul J. Vanderwood has shown, the marginalized rural poor fomented disorder, including bandit attacks, and profited from the resulting conflict. In the hands of urban intellectuals it points to the bad old days before the establishment of the nation-state, when life and property were not secure. Sustained banditry required concealable, transportable wealth (cash, cash crops, animals, alcohol, narcotics) that left few traces. [12], However, the Northern China and the middle Ming period (14501525) had their fair share of banditry. Paris, 1861. A central way to express violence and damage one's opponent's interests was through the mutilation of both individuals and animals. Molfese, Franco. If youre not sure, you can usually refer to a large collection of a bug species as a swarm (for large groups of flying insects) or colony. Encyclopedia.com. The mythology and rhetoric that surround banditry must be interpreted carefully. Murphy, Agnes Genevieve. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. On occasion, economic self-interest and political rebellion came together, as in the case of guerrilla banditry. We know that a woman called Mara Bonita died with Lampio in a hail of gunfire in 1938. As a category of social behavior, banditry employs specific displays of violence to generate terror for personal ends. Cambridge, U.K., 1988. Each Redbrand wore a simple, dirty scarlet cloak. Tullian and eleven of his associates were ultimately caught and executed.
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