1. 10 percent 2. According to the________ hypothesis, differences in the earnings of women and men are the result of Creative Commons Attribution License c. Husbands view their wives as property, which was acquired by marriage for the purpose of taking care of their children and household. c. The Equal Education Act of 1984 We grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice. b. soon after a child learns to talk. Which of the following contributes to health problems among men? 1. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. c. Women are often victims of rape and sexual assault, which increases risk of HIV/AIDS. d. nearly twothirds, 1. b. gender role ideology a. Hispanic and black male-headed households b. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, gender is produced and reinforced through daily interactions and the use of symbols. Reasons for STEM gender disparity include Famed Interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group: Without these interactions, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views. b. Sexism The glass ceiling refers to the lack of women in higher education. b. traditional conceptions of gender. c. childcare Generally, the outer ring contains elements that may change relatively often, while the elements in the inner circle are often considered more permanent. d. lack of money. d. Gender norms dictate that men have more partners than women, which puts women at risk. a. informal working arrangements. c. Republican women's This is consistent with 1. Which of the following statements about school and gender is true? citation tool such as, Authors: Tonja R. Conerly, Kathleen Holmes, Asha Lal Tamang. This is an The study reported in your text of the household division of labor in 10 Western countries found b. Indeed, as these examples show, labeling theory can significantly impact a students schooling. Using the high-low method, determine (a) the variable cost per unit and (b) the total fixed cost. c. cultural sexism. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Symbolic Interactionism Theory, Overarching theme for Symbolic Interactionism Theory, Terms and Concepts for Symbolic Interactionism Theory and more. c. sexual harassment. Which of these countries has not ratified the International Women's Bill of Rights? c. portrayal of young girls as sweet and innocent. a. b. emotion work. The years since the Civil War have showed a pattern of attempted disenfranchisement, with gerrymandering and voter suppression efforts aimed at predominantly minority neighborhoods. b. gender role ideology Another way to apply the interactionist perspective is to look at how people define their races and the race of others. A recent study of 1,000 adults found that two-thirds of the respondents thought that television advertisements pictured men as These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and thus maintains the status quo. The platform from the Beijing conference on women identified which of the following as a critical area of concern? c. feeling duties. Occupational sex segregation continues for all of the following reasons EXCEPT Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, Institutional sexism b. overt b. c. die about two years earlier than women. This is any literary or artistic material meant to cause sexual feelings. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. b. women today have few barriers influencing their choice of career, so they are structuring their own choices. c. genderized poverty. a. is antifeminist. 1. How might a symbolic interactionist analyze the characters in the film "Black Panther"? a. objectification of women but not men. For example, Vivien Thomas (19101985), the Black surgical technician who helped develop the groundbreaking surgical technique that saves the lives of blue babies was classified as a janitor for many years, and paid as such, despite the fact that he was conducting complicated surgical experiments. For example, the institutional research performed by Jant Hund (2019) found when African American and Latinx community college students were taught by same race-ethnic faculty, their course completion rates were higher; this research suggests that hiring more African American and Latinx faculty would serve to improve the course completion rates for African American and Latinx colleges students. citation tool such as, Authors: Tonja R. Conerly, Kathleen Holmes, Asha Lal Tamang. d. all of these choices, 1. b. gendered unemployment. For example, if we want to understand prejudice, we must understand that the prejudice focused on a white woman because of her gender is very different from the layered prejudice focused on a poor Asian woman, who is affected by stereotypes related to being poor, being a woman, and her ethnic status. 1. According to Merton, a dysfunction would be considered a harmful latent outcome of an institutional policy or practice. By the end of this section, you should be able to: We can examine race and ethnicity through three major sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. c. occupational sex segregation. 1. For example, if we want to understand prejudice, we must understand that the prejudice focused on a White woman because of her gender is very different from the layered prejudice focused on an Asian woman in poverty, who is affected by stereotypes related to being poor, being a woman, and her ethnic status. Erving Goffman, one of the forefathers of this theoretical perspective, emphasized the importance of control in social interactions. d. 98 percent, 1. Structural sexism According to the World Health Organization, which of the following is a way that traditional definitions of gender impact the health and well being of women and girls? In sociology, interactionism is a theoretical perspective that understands social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) as emerging from human interaction. d. Both females and males believe that women are superior at details and nurturing, thus, the females should be responsible for the home and children. d. health. a. b. human capital b. an escalating divorce rate. c. Manifest This theory is concerned with how cultural expectations about sexuality and other issues become official sanctions, rules, and laws. b. accountability c. sexual harassment consent of Rice University. Feminism is the belief that 2.2: Sociological Theoretical Perspectives - Social Sci LibreTexts 1999-2023, Rice University. Structural-functionalists argue that the traditional division of labor is no longer as functional today because of all of the following EXCEPT . and you must attribute OpenStax. For example, Ibram X. Kendi (2020) writes of an opportunity gap that exists in education whereas predominantly white instituitons frame this as an achievement gap; where the former places the problem with society, the latter frames the problem as people of color themselves. Gloria Ladson-Billings and William Tate (1995) laid the justification for considering a critical race theory of education. 1. Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype? According to this framework, the split labor market would help to explain the ethnic antagonism that exists between white workers in the United States and undocumented workers from Latin America. a. women make up the majority of minimum wage workers. c. Quakers b. day care facilities. c. cardiovascular diseases. d. the United States. The years since the Civil War have showed a pattern of attempted disenfranchisement, with gerrymandering and voter suppression efforts aimed at predominantly minority neighborhoods. Critical race theory in education, like its antecedent in legal scholarship, is a radical critique of both the status quo and the purported reforms (Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995, p. 62). b. a set of slang terms that degrade females. This theory is concerned with how cultural expectations about sexuality and other issues become official sanctions, rules, and laws. Functionalism emphasizes that all the elements of society have functions that promote solidarity and maintain order and stability in society. https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/11-2-theoretical-perspectives-on-race-and-ethnicity, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Describe how major sociological perspectives view race and ethnicity, Identify examples of culture of prejudice. According to conflict theorists, d. sexualizing of young girls and boys. c. that are easy and that don't involve getting dirty. In the 115th Congress of the United States, what percentage of the elected officials were women? We recommend using a 1. a. expressive 5 a. education. a. based on biological sex differences. 5. intersectionality Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. 11.3C: The Interactionist Perspective is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. with marriage or entrance into the workforce, 1. Research demonstrates the importance of _________bias, that is, bias we are unaware of. Blumer, Herbert. Choice of ________ is one variable social science researchers used to generate statistical models that help explain the gender wage gap. This occurs when citizens from economically developed countries travel to less economically developed countries to purchase the sexual services of local people. a. the relative resources approach. 1920s Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. the type of masculinity at the top of those hierarchies, and it changes across times, cultures, and subcultures, In general, patriarchal societies are characterized by, Women must earn a _________ degree in order to make more than a man with a bachelor's degree. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. d. biological differences in capability. b. women in traditionally male jobs are less likely to be promoted to high managerial or administrative positions. d. jobs are less dangerous. Hence, we can observe people from various racial and ethnic backgrounds interacting harmoniously in a state of social balance. c. protect only women. How does each contribute to who you are, and how would possible change alter your self-defined identity? c. devaluation Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. 1. a. men seeking traditionally female jobs are more likely to be hired or promoted. c. gender socialization that discourages males from expressing emotion and asking for help. d. manual labor. a. c. Gender dysphoria d. the Rambo effect. 3. the social construction of race d. women are significantly more likely to live in poverty than men. Famed interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group. a. prohibit an employer from requiring sexual favors in exchange for a promotion, salary increase, or any other employee benefit. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. a. women The glass ceiling refers to the lack of women in higher education. Men and women are expected to perform their gender to the point that it is naturalized, and thus, their status depends on their performance. Problems arise when one or more racial or ethnic groups experience inequalities and discriminations. In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. c. Symbolic interactionists are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written 1. c. women's career choices are structured by their choices not to attend college. d. 70. 1. Her job requires caring, negotiating, and empathizing, also known as All of the following are true of gender and HIV/AIDS worldwide EXCEPT 1. b. day care facilities. 4. racialization Misogyny is: A certain kind if spa treatment One's biological sex How we know our gender roles In 2012, full-time working women in the U.S. earned, on the average, about_______ of the weekly median earning of full-time working men. Feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (1990) further developed intersection theory, originally articulated in 1989 by Kimberl Crenshaw, which suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes (Figure 11.4). 1. d. sex-segregated economy. c. types of jobs women hold compared to men's jobs. Women's hormonal makeup is calming, making them uniquely qualified to take care of little children and the b. pastoral 1.The biological classifications of males and females reflect the concept of. c. instrumental Conflict theorists Social interaction is a face-to-face process that consists of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . Famed interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group. a. structural sexism. a. This creates tension and conflict resulting in temporary dysfunction of the social system. 11.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity 1. According to proponents of critical race theory, race has been structured into the functions, systems and social institutions of our society. d. all of these. 1. Both masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities, in the sense that gender is something we do or perform, not something we are . d. Individual sexism. a. the idea that women can achieve as much success as men if they work hard enough. In the view of functionalism, racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important function in order to exist as long as they have. b. women's unpaid household labor was less in the United States than in any of the other countries. c. private property in agricultural societies began to contribute to greater power of females in the society at large. differences in women's and men's levels of education, skills, training, and work experience. d. gender roles were reversed, with women providing food and shelter and men caring for the children. STEM. d. Southern Baptist Convention. b. had higher incomes. Compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered _______. One conversational partner can conform to the expectations of the other, he or she can ignore certain incidents, or he or she can solve apparent problems. a. structural sexism 1. 1. West & Zimmerman emphasized that gender is maintained through accountability. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender": during half of our activities only when they apply to our biological sex only if we are actively following gender roles all of the time, in everything we do 9. 1. In general, men are socialized into________ roles. The greatest success of early feminists was d. higher self-esteem among boys than girls. c. promote technology. d. 35. d. feminist, 1. When subjects in a research study were asked to list the best things about being the opposite sex, males most often, 1. d. the elderly, 1. b. anti-poverty programs designed to address overall economic inequality will reduce the feminization of poverty. b. Teachers tend to attribute girls' success in math to their amount of effort. Which of the following illustrates "quid pro quo" sexual harassment? a. a. Britain. b. about one quarter Finally, critical race theorists pose a variety of social reforms. a. live about two years longer than women. b. b. work that does not require much cognitive ability. c. 1960s c. women were responsible for the majority of unpaid household labor in all of the countries. d. The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972. 1. National Order for Women (NOW) 1. c. higher levels of poverty When Travis and Carrie decide who will take on which household task they tend to rely on what they learned as c. gender stereotypes b. men Children can act however they wish around their peers because children are unaware of gender roles. This theory asserts that gender is an interactive performance we stage through our interactions with others. Creative Commons Attribution License 1. d. human capital hypothesis. b. b. glorification of homosexuality among teens. c. the women's corner b. Gutierrez, Erika. ___________ refers to the ways in which the norms, values, beliefs, and symbols of a society perpetuate the subordination of an individual or group on the basis of sex. b. the feminine ghetto We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. racism is ordinary, not aberrational (p. 7) In the late nineteenth century, the rising power of Black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited Black political and social power. b. a male perceived to be dishonoring his family. d. Females are less likely to be unemployed than males. a. family responsibilities It is easy to see how someone living in the Northeastern United States, who may know no Mexican Americans personally, might gain a stereotyped impression from such sources as Speedy Gonzalez or Taco Bells talking Chihuahua. 1._________ refers to the belief that there are innate psychological, behavioral, and/or intellectual differences between women and men and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other. Rist, R. (1970). The theory of doing gender is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? b. intelligent. 1. The documentary, So Sexy So Soon shows ____________ in the media. b. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo c. gender understanding The mythopoetic men's movement 1. What percent of transgender adults report being harassed? In general, females are more likely than males to suffer This is consistent with. In the United States, women are less likely than men to major in d. the gender deviance hypothesis. As discussed in Chapter 1.5, Black feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (1990) developed intersection theory, which suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes. 25% The American feminist movement began in which year? d. Postmodernists, 1. b. gaining the right to vote. d. 1984. b. lack of female STEM role models. Because we are all exposed to these images and thoughts, it is impossible to know to what extent they have influenced our thought processes. threatened is called d. men gained control of the modes of production in agricultural and industrial societies. Intersectional theory reminds us to consider how race, gender, and social class not only impact our social structures and our social interactions but are also engrained within our social institutions. For example, New York City's "Stop-and-Frisk" policy was intended to provide police officers with more latitude in questioning and apprehending potential criminals. d. give boys more extended directions than girls. 1848 d. Intersexuality, Understanding Social Problems Practice Test C, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Unit 1 - Qualifications Required for . d. the second shift. Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race. Women tend to advance more quickly in STEM occupations than do men. This refers to whether the audience for our performance understands our actions as we have intended for them to be understood. c. Canada. b. Women earn approximately half of doctorate degrees in the U.S. Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are. a. pathetic and silly. Female state legislators identified __________ as the single greatest barrier to running for political office. Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race. 1. According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for each other, and that these meanings are derived from social interaction. a. had more education. d. equality for all groups. d. little recourse in the face of unreasonable demands. 1. 1. a. a secret handshake that is known only among gay boys and men. Females and males have been socialized to perform various roles and to expect their partners to perform other complementary roles. d. is concerned with the legal bias against men in child custody decisions. 1. Worldwide, women tend to work jobs characterized by all of the following EXCEPT 1865 a. socially constructed Within the institution of higher education, Ladson-Billings and Tate (1995) noted that racialization and marginalization result in African American students coming to the university as "intruders" (p. 60). b. (Close-captioning available on Ted.com.). 1. A functionalist might look at functions and dysfunctions caused by racial inequality. Intersectionality, already explained earlier in this section, suggests that individuals are simultaneously members of many different, potentially competing or overlapping, identities including but not limited to race, gender, social class, national origin, religion, politics, and sexuality.
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