Much of this discussion is centered around the use of rodents, not NHPs, and is based, in part, on two observations: First, data obtained from animal models obtained by academic laboratories and their industrial collaborators, published in highly regarded peer-reviewed journals, often cannot be reproduced by development teams within pharmaceutical companies. , Suemizu H, Shimada A, Hanazawa K, Oiwa R, Kamioka M, Tomioka I, Sotomaru Y, Hirakawa R, Eto T, Shiozawa S, Maeda T, Ito M, Ito R, Kito C, Yagahashi C, Kawai K, Miyoshi H, Tanioka Y, Tamaoki N, Habu S, Okano H, Nomura T. SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks)
, Johnson Z, Trask JS, Smith DG, Ramakrishnan R, Bahk G, Ng J, Wiseman R, Kubisch HM, Vallender EJ, Rogers J, Ferguson B. Ke
WebRise for Animals is a national animal rights organization on a mission to end animal experimentation in our lifetime. Recent examples include the influence of the animal rights organizations on the NIH decision to prohibit research using chimpanzees (Reardon 2015, see also commentary in this issue by Veazey and Lackner 2017 and Lanford et al. These new requirements will be challenging for investigators proposing NHP-based research and for peer reviewers, in part because of the expense associated with each animal in an NHP-based study and the potential difficulty of obtaining adequate numbers of females, neonates, or juveniles. However, there are always difficulties in quickly securing additional support from funding agencies to increase breeding of any given species, since most funding is already committed to support existing breeding colonies and on-going investigations. [2], In 1890 George Angell and the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (MSPCA) held an essay contest entitled "Why I Am Against Vivisection". . Mapping, rather than sequencing per se, has been used successfully to identify Quantitative Trait Loci in baboons that contribute to complex diseases (Cox et al. 2016). International HapMap Consortium
The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. AV Magazine. These experiments cause even greater suffering, high death rates, and other negative health consequences for the millions of animals used. , Kievit P, Bremer AA, Comuzzie AC. The USA is the only significant user of chimpanzees in biomedical research in the world, since many CG
Large animal models such as dogs and swine are also used in some fields, such as oncology and transplantation medicine. <>>>
The Author(s) 2017. NEW ENGLAND ANTI-VIVISECTION ) 333 Washington These conclusions regarding rigor appear mainly to be based on studies using rodents. In many cases, preclinical investigations that have avoided use of NHPs have failed, for example for development of therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. Marina Emborg summarizes the features of three major neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons diseases. Reduced ability to transport animals by air has partially inhibited the ability to move NHPs from one center to another, and for US academic researchers, has inhibited transfer of animals from one continent to another. 2017). This contrasts with the situation in Japan, where the marmoset has served as the basis of extensive efforts to develop transgenic animals and appears to be in relatively plentiful supply for domestic researchers (Cyranoski 2014). [50], NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage. NHP sequencing efforts currently are being pursued in multiple laboratories, but, in general, are not coordinated among laboratories. 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. An example is the transfer of macaques and marmosets from the New England NPRC to four other NPRCs when the New England Center closed in 2015. This issue of the ILAR Journal provides in-depth reviews of the use and value of nonhuman primates (NHPs) for translational research. , Mehra S, Lackner A, Kaushal D. Griffin
Topics covered in detail include: tuberculosis; viral hepatitis; HIV/AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders; Substance abuse disorders; vision and prevention of blindness; disorder associated with psychosocial processes, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness; cardiovascular disease; metabolic disease, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; respiratory disease; and female reproduction, prenatal development and women's health. Northern New England Vascular Society was founded by Betty LaBombard, Maryann Waters, Anne Musson and Nancy Gardner in 1994 as an Affiliate Chapter of the 2016), using small numbers of females. There is increasing realization that variation in genetics or other factors such as the social interactions of individual rhesus or cynomolgus macaques can influence experimental results. . These authors recommend that all TB vaccine trials first be tested in NHPs before being performed in humans. This article provides a detailed review of the use of NHP preclinical models to study several aspects of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, including glucose resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. , Zheng Y, Kang Y, Yang W, Niu Y, Guo X, Tu Z, Si C, Wang H, Xing R, Pu X, Yang SH, Li, S, Ji W, Li XJ. 2017). NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. Kris Coleman and Melinda Novak review best practices for environmental enrichment in the husbandry of NHPs. The development of vaccines that prevent infection of humans by Hepatitis A and B viruses and antivirals that provide curative therapies for hepatitis C virus infections is one of the clearest examples of the critical nature of an NHP preclinical model, in this case the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). There is no good solution to this problem, which is outside the control of the end users of the animals. NEAVS also works to educate the public, lawmakers, and others about the needs of primates used in research, Richard Stouffer and Teresa Woodruff review the use of NHPs to study critical issues related to womens reproductive health. The point for the current review is not that problems related to reproducibility of animal studies exist, but that dealing with systemic issues such as sample size and blinding can be a major issue for translational studies using NHPs, as it is for rodents. Even when a variant animal is identified, there may be no phenotypic assay for the potential disease condition in the NHP. , Lackner A. Xia
Bonnie Mathieson and Jean Patterson (Office of AIDS Research). [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". Biomedical Research Last month, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced in the journal Nature that it will ask grant applicants to use both male and female animals in biomedical 2017) and the mandate by a small number of US Congress members in 2016 for the NIH to review its policies on the oversight of NHP research (Grimm 2016; see the NIH final report at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf, which reaffirmed the importance of NHP research). There are currently no plans to develop an NHP version of the human HapMap. John D Harding, Nonhuman Primates and Translational Research: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges, ILAR Journal, Volume 58, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 141150, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilx033. Hay
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Cynomolgus macaques are imported from Asia and provided to academic and industrial investigators by CROs. L
We offer free resources to academic institutions, non-profit organizations, and 2017 and references therein). These data are now expected for publications that describe rodent-based experiments. WebIn 2010, the European Commission passed legislation to prohibit the use of great apes in biomedical research. These new approaches cannot be pursued in the absence of an animal model that can replace the chimpanzee. Animals often suffer greatly in these studies, as they are inflicted with diseases, traumas, and pain they would not normally experience in order to mimic human conditions. Want updates when NEAVS has new information, or want to find more organizations like Rise for Animals (NEAVS)? [4] He has been described as "the founding father of the modern animal protection movement. The articles in this issue of the ILAR Journal provide a rich and nuanced picture of the utility of NHP preclinical models for understanding and treating human disease. F
The NIH policy announcement also goes on to suggest "inadequate inclusion of female cells and animals in experiments and inadequate analysis of data by sex may well contribute to the troubling rise of irreproducibility in preclinical biomedical research." This could facilitate, for example, identification of potentially deleterious gene variants present in the heterozygous state that can be developed into homozygous animal models of specific human diseases, particularly for Mendelian (single gene) diseases. Roth, D.W.M. Invasive research on chimpanzees is prohibited in Australia and New Zealand. There are currently some efforts within the NPRC consortium to identify cohorts of animals with specific phenotypes across centers. Biomedical Research - American Anti-Vivisection Society NEAVS also makes lifetime care commitments to animals in sanctuary and helped support the formation of the North American Primate Sanctuary Alliance.[58]. Proof of principal of this approach has been reported by Cornish et al. Promising approaches for developing immunogens and adjuvants must now be reapplied to NHP models to develop more efficacious vaccines that can then be retested in humans. Natural differences in physiology, metabolism, and anatomy between humans and other animals lead to very different reactions to various stimuli. CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches make it possible to rather easily modify virtually any gene, or to create inactivated or deleted genes (knockouts) or to introduce genes of interest into the genome (knockins). The ability to lower costs, develop more cost-effective sequencing technologies and more sophisticated phenotyping assays, and increase coordination and cooperation among centers will likely be needed to realize this potential. , Gautam A. Xue
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Our many thanks to the corporate sponsors of our conferences: An independent non-profit Vascular Ultrasound Society, Copyright 2023 Northern New England Vascular Society. Neeves, [93] C.J. After an initial sequence is obtained, usually from one or two animals, refinement of the sequence assembly is performed based on sequencing the genome and transcriptomes of many more animals. WebThe American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) offer a $40,000, one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant (with possible renewal) to a woman interested in developing, validating, or using alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences. Peter Havel and colleagues review the use of NHP preclinical models for metabolic conditions, concentrating on obesity and metabolic syndrome. Funding agencies, in collaboration with investigators, may need to find mechanisms to increase support for NHP-related investigations that require larger numbers of certain types of animals, such as females. Webin researchan issue it has been working on for many decades. Neeves. Email - eNEWS: NEAVS makes Lush Prize short list and WebNEAVS was nominated in the public awareness category for our Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign (releasechimps.org). NHP-related studies of CVD also provide good examples of the use of multiple NHP species; the authors discuss the relative merits of different species for specific types of investigations. , Akiota MT, Mohr EL, Weiller AM, Lehrer-Brey G, Weisgrau KL, Mohns MS, Breitbach ME, Rasheed MN, Newman CM, Gellerup DD, Moncla LH, Post J, Schultz-Darken N, Schotzko ML, Hayes JM, Eudailey JA, Moody MA, Permar SR, OConnor SL, Rakasz EG, Simmons HA, Capuano S, Golos TG, Osorio JE, Friedrich TC, OConnor DH. In the United States, primary roles for regulating NHP husbandry, breeding, and use is performed by the US Department of Agriculture and the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. The baboon sequence, while not yet published, is available from public databases (reviewed in Harding 2017).
, Locke P. Veazey
One species for which a supply-demand problem does potentially exist at present in the United States is the marmoset, which may be particularly useful for neurobiological studies and for development of new NHP disease models using genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technologies (Belmonte et al. This is a major goal of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and their partners efforts to develop a vaccine with sufficient efficacy, as discussed in the NIH Office of AIDS Research Strategic Plan for fiscal year 2018 (Office of AIDS Research 2017). All rights reserved. , Walker C, Lemon S. Liu
(2016). A major goal is to develop better drug formulations or new approaches that can sustain viral remission, also called a functional cure without ART, or eradicate virus completely, called a sterilizing or classic cure (NIH Office of AIDS Research 2017). Project R&R successfully led the charge to end the use of chimpanzees in U.S. biomedical research and testing. C
The field of NHP-based translational research will benefit from a direct comparison of requirements for animal welfare across centers in all countries that supply NHPs for translational investigations. Biomedical researchers attempt to answer basic questions about human biology and apply those findings to improve human health. In these 3 Rs alternative successful approaches to testing consumer products have been created. Animals don't have to be used for human's wants. For the papers in this issue of the journal, translational research is defined broadly to include both efforts aimed at developing or validating NHP models that are directly relevant to studies of human disease as well as the use of NHPs in later stages of translation that help validate drug targets; evaluate the efficacy of therapies, vaccines, or devices; and test toxicity of pharmaceuticals before testing in human clinical trials. TA
Department of Health, Office of Newborn Screening. Ogden
Over the past several years, a modest number of publications have provided high-quality reviews of the use of NHPs for translational research, including papers by Capitanio and Emborg (2008), Belmonte et al. This is, however, a highly nuanced issue. Webbe included when sending NBS cards in for testing. 2016). A particularly timely example is development of a highly efficacious vaccine for HIV/AIDS. , Locke P. Grimm
The short generation times of mice and their fecundity contribute to the success of these technologies. However, despite a relative lack of supply, investigators were able to develop a macaque-based model to help understand pathogenesis (Dudley et al. Spring 2005. Rubio
This type of coordination will, among other benefits, identify enough animals of high potential in regard to a specific disease, such that a relatively small number of animals, prescreened as likely candidates, can be sequenced. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the J
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[25] In 2004 after the bill was vetoed by Governor Mitt Romney, who said that the decision should be made by the Massachusetts Department of Education,[26][27] ESEC's continued advocacy led the State Board of Education to issue a policy in 2005 allowing students to choose alternatives to dissection. . Furthermore, there are a few organizations, such as the Foundation for Biomedical Research (https://fbresearch.org/), that seek to inform the public about medical breakthroughs that have required the use of animals. Monroe, A.L. In these cases, NHPs must be the primary, and perhaps only, animal model relevant to translation. NHP centers are therefore foci for developing improvements in experimental techniques, animal welfare, and breeding in addition to their function as suppliers of animals. WebNEW ENGLAND ANtI-VIVISECtIoN SoCIEtY Phone: Fax: Email: 617.523.6020 617.523.7925 [email protected] presidents Annual Message support to end chimpanzee use in biomedical research, our work has, as importantly, set the stage for arguments regard-ing the use of all species. M
Herson, D.W.M. 2016; SCHEER 2017), and some Asian countries, such as China, Japan, and Korea (Ogden et al. Fish and Wildlife Service to list captive chimpanzees as endangered along with wild chimpanzees,[39] and lobbying for the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA) that would end invasive research on chimpanzees and retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary. AWS
WebThats why we created the animal protection movements first publicly accessible research and transparency toolthe Animal Research Laboratory Overview (ARLO). BN
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An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research Bailey, J. I also hope these reviews will provide critical basic information on the use of NHPs for translational research to the very large number of stakeholders, including patients, involved with these high-profile diseases and to the general public. This paper emphasizes the fact that environmental enrichment is a dynamic process that has evolved over time and will continue to be optimized in the future. These advantages relate, in part, to the anatomy and physiology of NHPs, which allow the same types of investigations as are performed using human subjects and to the ability to pair longitudinal drug self-administration studies with noninvasive imaging studies. WebNEW ENGLAND ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 Boston, MA 02108 Phone: 617-523-6020 Fax: 617-523-7925 Email: [email protected] neavs.org 2016 brought enormous success to NEAVS long-standing focus on non-animal alternatives and chimpanzees. stream
These include models for Huntingtons Disease (Chan 2013), diseases caused by mitochondrial mutations (Takibana et al. This issue of the ILAR journal brings together, in one place, articles that discuss the use of NHP models for studying human diseases that are highly prevalent and that cause extraordinary human suffering and financial and social burdens.
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