A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. The story of these two icons of American environmentalism is told in John Claytons bookNatural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, published last August. The water winds between granite features like Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome. Corporations bought up entire forests for lumber. From the turn-off, the road winds for 16.5 miles up the old Hetch Hetchy railroad grade (26.5 km) to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, passing many lonely trails along the way. . This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located. What one Secretary of the Interior giveth, another taketh away. As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? For Pinchot, a close friend and adviser to the president, this was an obvious choice. Roosevelt's conservation deal meant working with the big logging companies, not the small, independent ones. Tammany Hall (NY Political Machine) began to use their political power on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child laborers, and eliminate the worst abuses of the industrial The first is utilitarian conservation. APUSH Framework. It spans 900 feet (270 m) with a 17-foot (5.2 m) wide trail across the top that hikers use to cross to the opposite side. Appealed to workers, farmers and some middle-class Americans. William Howard Taft became president in 1909. The San Francisco Bulletin printed a Dec. 1, 1913, story calling the bills opponents a crowd ofnature lovers and fakers, who are waging a sentimental campaign to preserve the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a public playground, a purpose for which it has never been used.. Most reformers agreed that the growing immigrant population had created social problems. o "Antimonopoly": fear of concentrated powerneed to limit and disperse authority and wealth. APUSH Practice Exam #1 - Medium The law imposed a heavy tax on products of child labor. To get the electricity they would need, they first built a smaller dam at Lake Eleanor. The grassroots organization of environmental activism, established by John Muir and his supporters, became a model for future environmentalists. It pitted Gifford Pinchot, America's first forester, against John Muir, America's legendary conservationist. He wrote, I have always called it the Tuolumne Yosemite, for it is a wonderfully exact counterpart of the great Yosemite, not only in its crystal river and sublime rocks and waterfalls, but in the gardens, groves, and meadows of its flowery park-like floor. Briefly present an argument why ONE of the following developments was the most significant factor contributing to greater environmental conservation in the United States in the 1930s. or break up trusts at the state and national level. Photo: Theresa Ho, Of course, the proposal was immediately opposed by environmentalists including the Sierra Club and John Muir. An adjacent building contains another five suites with vaulted ceilings, forest views and soaking tubs. Explain your answer. What impact did muckrakers have on the American public? 5: 1297089180: initiative: A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. should be ended altogether. There are four fundamental ways in which dams damage rivers. While Wilson was an advocate for reform there were some issues he wasn't ready to endorsewomen's suffrage and racial tension/segregation. People sort of tend to lean one way or another. o Opponents called them the "Wobblies". I will agree to take down Hetch Hetchy, when we first replace it with a bigger new reservoir such as a bigger taller Yosemite Valley dam at El Capitan. He took the White House after McKinley's assassination. On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. Robert La Follette: governor of Wisconsin. At the time, neither side understood the long-range consequences of human actions to manage the environment. In contrast to the utilitarian view, the preservationist approach denied the assumption that the natural world existed solely to serve mans purposes. by kylecwalden9, Feb. 2012. Roosevelt and his followers left the convention and the party. Early twentieth-century clubs turned from cultural to social betterment. Gifford Pinchot: The Father of Forestry - National Park Service Bierstadts paintings and Muirs writings began to publicize the beauty of the Hetch Hetchy Valley. should exist only if they benefited the middle-class. What was the Hetch Hetchy controversy Apush? - Kyoto2.org Some believed in working for reform through electoral politics, others favored militant direct action. o Strongest in urban immigrant communities and Protestant farmers in the South and Midwest o Some felt that we needed to help the new residents adapt to American society. Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. fight of progressivists against corporations to preserve Hetch Hetchy Dam as a nationaly wilderness park: Term. Consequently, he disagreed with Muir about the ethics of damming the valley and supported the creation of a water reservoir. This limits their ability to access spawning habitat, seek out food resources, and escape predation. He discovered it a few of years later. The inadequacy of the citys existing water supply came into sharp focus. Hetch Hetchy Valley: The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. Direct Primary and Recall What impact did Roosevelt have on American conservation? It also was an early battle of conservatives vs progressives. What was Taft's first problem in the opening months of his administration? o Almost all income producing activity had moved out of the home and into the factory/office Sign up for the email list and join an active community of monthly readers. Were they successful? it to the people. wave of antiradicalism subjected them to enormous harassment and persecution. Direct Primary: Mirror Lakes famous spring-time reflections capture the eye and mind. Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. While opponents of the dam were hard pressed for financial support, the city of San Franciscos campaign was well financed. It limited the ability of individuals to control their own destinies. In national parks, preservation reigns king, the natural world kept, as best it can be, in its natural state. Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Amateur and professional. Pinchot argued that applying the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, meant the benefits accrued to the people of San Francisco from having the dam far outweighed leaving the valley in its current state. Many viewed saloons as sources of drunkenness, violence, and occasionally murder. Others felt it was a threat to freedom. William Howard Taft He had journeyed to Washington to lobby the federal government on behalf of the project. Hetch Hetchy: Congress and the Environment | National Archives Unions: o 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York destroyed by a terrible fire. Others envisioned a moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive, but would nationalize major industries. o Interest groups. Chapter 28 Apush. San Francisco Mayor James Phelan led the fight to build a dam at Hetch Hetchy. National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. As it debated this legislation, Congress negotiated the fate of a federally protected valley located in Yosemite National Park-asking should the dam be built or the valley preserved? Start by hiking across the OShaughnessy Dam then turn east along the shore of the reservoir. Aspire to be professionals. How did the following influence reform: Mining and logging interests railed against the plan. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13: Additional Resources in the 1901 doctors reorganized the American Medical Association into a national professional society. This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels. Use good judgment and stay safe. In the late nineteenth century, American Populism. Taft made Richard A. Ballinger as o Technological innovationsrunning water, electricity, household appliances made housework Waterfalls gushed at Hetch Hetchy after an atmospheric river event in October 2021. There is no Starbucks here no daily parade of tour buses and RVs. This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. 10. preservationists (John Muir) vs. conservationists (Gifford Pinchot), Hetch Hetchy controversy 11. The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. But how did the dam get to be here? Like Muir, he was totally transfixed by the Hetch Hetchy Valley. For Muir, damming Hetch Hetchy was a blasphemy. At a series of book talks, supported by Humanities Montana, Clayton has found that these conflicts still resonate deeply with audiences. Today the Hetch Hetchy Valley is under 300 feet of water and while we may no longer be able to see the valley as it once was, our view has merely been changed. Some opposed "bigness" because the considered it inefficient. How did this affect other professions? Strengthen the government's ability to break up trusts. Most turned to "helping" professionssociety considered domestic and suitable for women: Would that be an improvement? Building a dam there was off the table. They suggest that draining the reservoir and turning Hetch Hetchy Valley into a tourist center similar to Yosemite Valley could be worth up to $178 million per year. Recall: Initiative and Referendum It is only a cut in the hills through which the Tuolumne River runs, but if you think there might be a valley keep looking and if you find such a place I will give it to you., Nate went on looking for the valley. You might as well deface the worlds great cathedrals, he said, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man. The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dams construction. Another popular trail crosses the OShaughnessy Dam and then takes a left turn to climb steeply out of the Hetch Hetchy valley. General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC): formed to coordinate the activities of local organizations. Richard Ballinger was appointed his Interior Secretary. In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts He exerted firm control over his cabinet and delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to Taft investigated the charges and decided they were groundless. Montana In the 1890s, America faced an environmentalcrisis. He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. The glacially-carved U-shaped valley floor maximizes the amount of water stored in the reservoir. By 1919,how many states had granted women the right to vote? of terror in the first years of the twentieth century. Rounding the corner and catching the first glimpses of Hetch Hetchy Valley reveals the play of light on water. He was upset with Taft and felt he was the only one that could reunite the Republican Party. Gifford Pinchot, the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, with his friend Theodore Roosevelt in 1907. o Social cohesion: individuals are part of a great web of social relationships, and each person's Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Level. In 1987, President Reagans Secretary of the Interior, Donald Hodel, proposed that Hetch Hetchy be restored. Slow-moving reservoirs heat up, resulting in abnormal temperature fluctuations which can affect sensitive species. Albert Bierstadt was known for his sweeping landscapes of the American West. While the debate goes on, Hetch Hetchy remains a relaxing and often-overlooked corner of the park much to the delight of hikers and backpackers who prefer less touristy experiences. History. Morgan not used to being told "no". The first targets were trusts (particularly the railroad). Hetch Hetchy was a beautiful valley in Yosemite. Who were the muckrakers? Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. Government should regulate What dramatically weakened the socialists? But it was later struck down by the court. How much NorCal reservoirs shot up a week after big storm - SFGATE Located at 3,900 feet, it boasts one of the longest hiking seasons in the park. o Reputation of a wild man o Member of New York legislature (young) Her influence helped spark the settlement house welfare is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole. What was the Socialist Party of America? Her poetic descriptions of Hetch hetchy won her the attention of powerful members of Congress. It damming in the 1920's caused major controversy among environmentalists. o New York City police commissioner conditions of the industrial workplace. They refused to support the war effortgrowing We have historic photographs to remind us of what Hetch Hetchy Valley looked like before the dam was built. High value placed on education and individual accomplishment. Men and municipalities who wish something for nothing will encroach upon them, if permitted. 1860-1935. His popularity continued to increase and many felt he would go against tradition and run for a third term. Challenges to traditional partiesGreenbacks, Populism, Mugwumps (Independent Republicans) Secret ballotsprinted by the government and distributed at the polls to be filled out and deposited in secrethelped chip away at the power of the parties over voters. As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. Frenemies John Muir and Gifford Pinchot They fished together and talked long hours into the night. This valley was isolated and remote, twenty miles northwest of the original. Should natural resources be used to serve the greatest good for the greatest number? How did their role change over time? The history of Californias growth is inextricably linked to the search for water. For Muir, nature was God, best preserved far from the degrading touch of man. To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. There, he met the same Indian chief and his wives. Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. had more authority in the west then the state and municipal governments. [11] The Tuolumne River continues through Tuolumne Meadows and the associated park developments at an elevation of 8,600 feet. Hetch Hetchy controversy Panic of 1907 William Howard Taft's presidency Children's Bureau New Nationalism election of 1912 The Progressive Party Woodrow Wilson's presidency New Freedom Federal Reserve act Keatings-Owen act "Big Stick" Diplomacy Open Door Policy Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Platt amendment Panam Canal 10th Grade. As surely as forests provided timber, so did they provide beauty, inspiration, and the renewal of over-citified spirits. On this trip were Gifford Pinchot, a young forester who would eventually become the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, and John Muir, the most famous naturalist in American history. Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. The deciding factor was whether or not the land in question had access to water. o 146 workers (most women) died. The Freeman Report artfully depicted reservoirs in Norway, the United Kingdom and the eastern United States showing how nature and public utility worked together to improve their surroundings and provide long-term benefits for everyone. Du Bois towards race relations? First major political debate over environment. Hetch Hetchy, for the time being, was safe, and it would not be inundated during Roosevelts watch.. Why did voter turnout decline? social gospel. was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation Horace Albright, the second director of the National Park Service, wrote that Franklin Lanes appointment to the cabinet was made specifically for the purpose of pushing this [Hetch Hetchy project], the so-called Raker-Pittman Bill. (Source: The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy, Robert W. Righter). They were both initially carved by rivers flowing down the Sierras relatively gentle western slope. San Francisco received permission to build a dam in Hetchy Hetch Valley, a part of Yosemite National Park, causing much controversy. The chief replied, There is no valley. Instead, the magnificence of a valley often described as Yosemite Valleys slightly smaller twin takes center stage. The question Pinchot always asked was, What is the greatest good for the greatest number?, He was famously quoted as saying, Where conflicting interests must be reconciled, the question shall always be answered from the standpoint of the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run., RELATED: Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, In his congressional testimony, Pinchot argued in favor of building the dam. Photo: Kim Lawson. What was the IWW? In his classic account of the controversy in Wilderness and the American Mind (1967), Roderick Nash concluded that "The extent and vigor of the resistance to San Francisco's plans for Hetch Hetchy constituted tangible evidence for the existence of a wilderness cult [in the United States]. What was the WTUL? 44. The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. What was the chief concern of the "Social Gospel"? o Creation of a commission to regulate public utilities. Issues: No spam. The law authorizing the dam passed Congress on December 7, 1913. On a national stage, Hetch Hetchy became caught in the cross fire between the interests of private utilities ownership and those of municipal ownership. In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt He brought together a coalition that would support his program. What was the panic of 1907? Buchanan v. Worley (1917): Supreme Court struck down a law in Kentucky, requiring residential segregation o NAACP also addressed the lynchings occurring in the South. Chapter 20 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet Over the next decade, he produced fifteen large oils that transformed the valley into a dreamland unlike anything that ever met mortal eye.. Photo: Herbert W. Gleason courtesy of the Sierra Club. It was the fourth Panic in 34 years. Pinchot was recognized as a leader of the conservation movement. They formed an alliance around the belief that natural places like Lake McDonald were important enough for the federal government to permanently ownand manage. The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. Founded in 1903 by Jane Addams, Mary Anderson and other trade unionists, the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) devoted itself to securing better occupational conditions for women and encouraging women to join the labor movement. Denouncing dam proponents as greedy, he wrote, These temple destroyers, devotees of ravaging commercialism, seem to have a perfect contempt for Nature, and instead of lifting their eyes to the God of the Mountains, life them to the Almighty Dollar. Crusading journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political As a 13.4-mile (21.4 km) round-trip hike, Rancheria Falls gets fewer day-hikers than Wapama Falls but is a popular backpacking stop. Many blamed the Wobblies for dynamiting railroad lines, power stations, and other acts He was able to create balance and win reelection in 1904. What was the WCTU? Most people called it Hetch Hetchy, a mispronunciation of a Central Mohawk word for a plant that indigenous people were harvesting there when the first white man came along.. How to How was it alleviated? Put another way, if Congress denied the city of San Francisco the Hetch Hetchy Valley, the California Progressive leaders suspected that it would only be a matter of time before the emerging Pacific Gas and Electric Company would grab the area. Does the decision to make a blockbuster movie mean that some other more Why did progressives place a high value on knowledge and expertise? In American politics during the late nineteenth century. Muir was an immigrant, an evangelist, an individualistic outsider. San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. They poured an estimated total of more than 398,000 cubic yards (304,000 cubic meters) of concrete to form the dam. RELATED: Meet The Real Life Batman & Robin Of The National Parks. Fight for their civil rights. The second concept is preservation. o Commander of the Rough Riders San Francisco applied once again for rights to Hetch Hetchy in 1908. o For the next three year, a state commission studied the background of the fire and the general Secretary of the Interior, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, refused to give San Francisco a permit to build the dam. Chapter 20 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. In the distance, long white plumes of water cascade hundreds of feet down from rocky heights. There is plenty to see and do right here, from kayaking on the water to climbing the magnificent domes above. Lukas Keel was an intern withHumanitiesmagazine. Clayton suggests that we are drawn to this conflict because its two characters embody deep conflicts within the American experience. Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. For Chapter 29 only read and take notes on pages 679-685 Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to . Chapter 28 APUSH Flashcards | CourseNotes Although Hetch Hetchy is included within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park, the entrance is separate from the rest of the park. First mass organization among women devoted to social reform. Referendum: When changes are made there are unintended consequences. For example, plan to stop at the Lucky Buck Cafe on your way to or from a day of exploring Yosemite. It forced elected representatives to consider what a national park designation truly meant and whether or not the land within these parks deserved protection. Do you feel that this is still the thinking of our current society? Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. Some embraced it while others rejected it. suffered defeat). What did the club movement allow women to do? The election offered voters several choices: Wilson's New Freedom, Taft's conservatism, Roosevelt's progressivism, or the Socialist Party Policies of Eugene B. Debs. Progressive political leaders, of whom Mayor Phelan was one, believed it was time to take this power away from the private interests and turn it over to the people. If youre up for a driving adventure, try taking a little extra time to retrace parts of the route John Muir described in his book, My First Summer in the Sierra. The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. City Manager Plan: elected officials hired an outside expertoften a professionally trained business Expect delicious meals and hearty portions to fuel your adventure or beat that post-hiking hunger. Explain. This law clearly proclaimed that the federal government, following the Forest Commissions recommendation, would preserve new public lands for the use and necessities of citizens in the United States. It clearly states the conservationist theory of land management, the legacy of Pinchots work with the Forest Commission. 1920, suffragists won ratification of the Nineteenth Amendmentguaranteed political rights to women throughout the nation. Some claimed if women could vote war would become a thing of the pastcalming, maternal influence (WWI gave a final decisive push to suffrage). o Secret ballot Campaign for Republican nomination became a battle between Roosevelt and Taft. o They advocated a single union for all workers and abolition of the "wage slave" system manager or engineerto take charge of the city government 02/08/2011. In the late nineteenth century, the Granger Laws supported the interests of, 26. o Longer life expectancy When youre standing at the shore overlooking what appears to be a lake, picture yourself looking down into a verdant valley filled with the tall native grasses that give the valley its name. less demanding The book confronts the common historical narrative that Muir and Pinchot were enemies, their relationship defined by their battle over the creation of the Hetch Hetchy Dam in Yosemite. To help the poor, there must be an improvement in the conditions. Be specific. SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION Browse all issuesSign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter. Glaciers followed these low-points, leaving their own marks in particular carving out the characteristic U-shaped valley with steep sides and wide floor. What impact did the organization have on race relations? What made Wilson look towards reform issues once again?
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