American Psychological Association. Delino, Michelle (2006). -Unconditional positive regard and self-concept are key components of theory, describe individual personality as the sum of a person's characteristic behaviors, a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity, a person who turns his or her attention outward toward other people, a person who turns his or her attention inward toward himself or herself; a shy person, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion (CANOE), the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors, according to this perspective, personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors, the individual influences and is influenced by his or her environment, overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us), one's sense of competence and effectiveness, fragile, threatened by failure and criticism, and more vulnerable to perceived threats which feed anger and feelings of vulnerability, less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations, and more likely to achieve a greater quality of life. Since the behavior (pouting) led to the removal of the aversive stimulus (the veggies), this is an example of negative reinforcement. [5]:366. When her cat stretches its legs, Marsha finds herself stretching her legs. Positive psychologists use scientific methods to study human flourishing, including topics such as positive emotions, positive health, positive neuroscience, and positive education. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This cultural difference best reflects the American culture's greater emphasis on: If you mimic another person's facial expressions of emotion, you probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. satisfaction with the past, happiness with the present & optimism about the future. the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions. Sometimes emotional response takes neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to amygdala. Maureen is an introvert who prefers staying in and reading a good book. C. attitudes; cognitive dissonance b. Who are more expressive with their emotions and facial expressions? C. self-esteem. Definition. What are some basic emotions, and what two dimensions help differentiate them? According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among This is best explained in terms of the: ______________ suggested that we can stimulate the subjective experience of cheerfulness simply by acting as if we are already cheerful. The adaptation-level phenomenon refers to the, Gut reactions equal emotions, emotions result from physiological changes producing specific sensations, Physiological arousal and emotional experience produced simultaneously by the same nervous stimulus, Emphasizes that we identify the emotion (the arousal) by observing the environment. C. situations. Jennifer feels her heart pounding, so she becomes fearful as she walks to her car in the parking garage. The 2nd pillar focuses on enhancing creativity, courage, compassion, integrity, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality. Who suggested that a sneer retains elements of baring one's teeth so as to threaten predators? A. physiological, safety, self-esteem, love and be loved, self-transcendence, self-actualization Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. During this period, the posits culminating in the facial feedback hypothesis lacked evidence, apart from limited research in animal behavior and studies of people with severely impaired emotional functioning. Father of psychoanalysis. Psychology Exam #4 Flashcards | Quizlet Washington, DC. Overview of the 6 Major Theories of Emotion - Verywell Mind yB~,$}u.KK$5^]qWp^gNdf4}[jGWtrv
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VPe=9)P Ht.8|z]Q(]_/fjf+'"Pn=?S^G*zQXHVMB%" !oI\\%]Aq"HAobJ+[7 )HA%J1_";9eB The arousal component of emotion is regulated by the autonomic nervous system's sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming) divisions. Negative Reinforcement and Operant Conditioning - Verywell Mind What does this describe? B. free association test. A. erogenous zones. Loss of control is likely to be accompanied by ________ cortisol levels and ________ blood pressure. . A. scapegoat theory. B. reality principle. If you are trying to distinguish between negative reinforcement or punishment, consider whether something is being added or taken away from a situation. B. behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events. C. the just-world phenomenon. Which of the following research findings support this? Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience, the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli, the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion, the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal, a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion, the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness, the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions, emotional release. [6]:463 In other words, in the absence of awareness of bodily movement, there is only intellectual thought, with consequently the mind being devoid of emotional warmth. More meaningful differences have been found in activity in some brain pathways and cortical areas. 2018;9:394. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00394. However, the higher funniness ratings of the cartoons obtained by those participants "tricked" into smiling may have been caused by their recognizing the muscular contraction and its corresponding emotion: the "self-perception mechanism", which Laird (1974) thought was at the root of the facial feedback phenomenon. @B:dK| The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our In behavioral therapy, negative reinforcement can help strengthen positive behaviors. the facial feedback effect: Term. The meaning of gestures varies with culture, but facial expressions, such as those of happiness and sadness, are common the world over. There are many different theories of emotion that seek to explain the purpose, causes, and effects of the emotional reactions people experience. A. situational influences; personality traits, The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others. (Hint: The Joness oil company has an excellent credit rating. C. even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished. The fact that facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion most clearly serves to support. self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Charles Darwin was among the first to suggest that physiological changes caused by an emotion had a direct impact on, rather than being just the consequence of that emotion. Emotional catharsis may be temporarily calming, but in the long run it does not reduce anger. How do our facial expressions influence our feelings? [11] Ritual chanting of smile vowels has been found to be more pleasant than chanting of frown vowels, which may explain their comparative prevalence in religious mantra traditions.[19]. Results of these studies commonly found that emotional experiences did not significantly differ in the unavoidable absence of facial expression within facial paralysis patients.[4]. Emotions are psychological responses of the whole organism involving an interplay among physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon, and what is the focus of positive psychology research? The Teeth position would cause the zygomaticus major or the risorius muscle, resulting in a smile. Reading times for angry and sad sentences were longer after botox injection than before injection, while reading times for happy sentences were unchanged. The type of personality test that involves interpreting an ambiguous image and is used to assess unconscious motives and conflicts is a(n) C. conformity. On Monday morning, you leave the house early (the behavior) to avoid getting stuck in traffic and being late for work(removal of an aversive stimulus). B. the facial feedback effect . Operant behavior. In a crowd of faces, researchers have found that people are quickest to detect a (n)___________ face. The type of reinforcement used is important, but how quickly and how often the reinforcement is given also plays a major role in the strength of the response. the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions. j(g6Zu%bv,FVUeAWAXBv m'@HBPCP],N%/w%jw]eEM) LWIAg4Go=ltDTNmQ$#9sBE8x7Qd+WM#=7Ut Je_+asT}i C4l.C(H33B2$6Q,,lYGU!UDM~YWo%;{FT_ !-4W`e
[B)T7:RWR.2YUr1U7rhXMY},+`C+#ssWpYhvh[C{+/fAz;Fw35U the behavior feedback effect: Term. D. situational attributions, the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, people's evaluations of objects, of events, or of ideas, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, includes acting a social part by following guidelines for expected behavior, Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas, influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups, A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values, tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group. Schachter-Singer Theory. A. extraverted. In an attempt to provide a clear assessment of the theory that a purely physical facial change, involving only certain facial muscles, can result in an emotion, Strack, Martin, & Stepper (1988)[18] devised a cover story that would ensure the participants adopt the desired facial posing without being able to perceive either the corresponding emotion or the researchers' real motive. C. safety, physiological, self-esteem, love and be loved, self-actualization, self-transcendence Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks. emotional release. Specifically, physiological activation of the facial regions associated with certain emotions holds a direct effect on the elicitation of such emotional states, and the lack of or inhibition of facial activation will result in the suppression (or absence altogether) of corresponding emotional states.
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